The metal smelting and refining industry processes metal ores and scrap metal to obtain pure metals. The metal working industries process metals in order to manufacture machine components, machinery, instruments and tools which are needed by other industries as well as by the other different sectors of the economy. Various types of metals and alloys are used as starting materials, including rolled stock (bars, strips, light sections, sheets or tubes) and drawn stock (bars, light sections, tubes or wire). Basic metal processing techniques include smelting and refining of metal ores and scrap, casting molten metals into a given shape (foundry), hammering or pressing metals into the shape of a die (hot or cold forging), welding and cutting sheet metal, sintering (compressing and heating materials in powder form, including one or more metals), shaping metals on a lathe.

A wide variety of techniques are used to finish metals, including grinding and polishing, abrasive blasting and many surface finishing and coating techniques (electroplating, galvanizing, heat treatment, anodizing, powder coating and so forth).

The manufacture of electrodes, cells and modules/packs for large-format power batteries is still in its infancy. One thing, however, is already perfectly clear: the battery manufacturing operation needs to become faster and less expensive if lithium-ion energy storage technology is to establish itself successfully in the target markets. The sensitive chemistry of the cells means that these cost and time savings absolutely cannot come at the expense of quality, which needs to remain very high. The solution, therefore, lies in fully automating and integrating production lines.

The automation portfolio needs to provide comprehensive support for the development process, from the pilot system to in-line integration. Totally Integrated Automation from Siemens makes it possible to optimize all processes throughout the production line and across the entire lifecycle of the plant. Uniform data management, engineering and communication standards ensure that all production steps, from electrode manufacturing to cell assembly to pack mounting and final quality tests, are optimally coordinated.

Formaldehyde is a naturally occurring chemical compound. It is a colourless water-soluble, flammable gas with pungent odour in its natural state, but it can adopt many forms. Formalin that is used in pathology laboratories is a solution containing 40% formaldehyde. Formalin solution when exposed to open air evaporates as formaldehyde gas at normal room temperature. Exposure to higher levels of formaldehyde concentration has immediate health effects ,it is also classified as carcinogenic. Long term exposure leads to severe health effects. Formaldehyde is a naturally occurring chemical compound, all organisms including human beings produce a small quantity of formaldehyde as a result of metabolic process. Formaldehyde gas is converted to other forms for its usage in various chemical process.

It’s used in paint industry, viny flooring, pressed wood products such as particle board, plywood, fibreboard, glues and adhesives, fertilizers, pesticides, used as industrial fungicide, germicide, and disinfectant, formalin solution is used in medical laboratories and hospitals. Initial symptoms of formaldehyde exposure are irritation of eyes, throat and nose, coughing, headache, wheezing etc. Long term exposure may lead to cancer. Some people are more sensitive to formaldehyde, while some are less sensitive to the same level of formaldehyde concentration. Inhalation of formaldehyde gas causes bronchitis and pneumonia. As per OSHA(Occupational Safety and Health Administration) standards the safe level of exposure is an average of 0.75 PPM over a period of 8-hours. The maximum level of formaldehyde concentration a person can be exposed to is 2.0 PPM for a period not more than 15 inutes.